Teaching and Learning: Concepts and Approaches
Introduction
Teaching and learning are closely related. But in modern education, the role of a teacher is not just to give information. The teacher must help students understand, think, and use knowledge meaningfully.
A. Teaching as Instructing vs. Teaching as Facilitating Learning
Teaching as Instructing (Traditional View)
The teacher is the center of learning.
The teacher gives information, students listen and memorize.
Mostly used in Indian schools in the past.
Example: Teacher explains the definition of photosynthesis. Students repeat and write it down.
Teaching as Facilitating Learning (Modern View)
The teacher becomes a guide or helper.
The student is active, asks questions, explores, and participates.
Encourages thinking, creativity, and real understanding.
Example: Instead of just telling about photosynthesis, the teacher takes students outside to observe leaves, sunlight, and ask questions.
Indian Tip: Use group activities, local examples, storytelling, and experiments to help learners understand deeply.
B. Teaching as Empowering Learners
Teaching should help students become confident, independent, and capable of learning on their own.
It should build life skills like problem-solving, communication, and decision-making.
How to Empower Students:
Encourage questions and curiosity.
Support different learning speeds and styles.
Use local language and examples so all can understand.
Give chances for decision-making in projects.
Example: In a project on water conservation, students decide the theme, design posters, and present ideas — they feel confident and responsible.
C. Bruner’s Model of Teaching for Meaningful Learning
Who is Jerome Bruner?
Jerome Bruner was a famous educationist and psychologist who believed that children learn better through experience and active participation.
Bruner’s Key Ideas
Learning is an active process – Learners build new knowledge by connecting with what they already know.
Discovery learning is powerful – Students learn better when they discover answers instead of being told directly.
Spiral Curriculum – Topics are taught step by step, increasing in complexity each time.
Modes of Representation:
Enactive (doing) – Learning by action (e.g., touching, doing)
Iconic (seeing) – Learning through pictures and visuals
Symbolic (thinking) – Learning through language and symbols
Bruner’s Model: Process of Teaching
|
Step |
Description |
Example in Indian
Classroom |
|
1. Preparation |
Connect lesson to
prior knowledge |
Talk about daily use
of water before teaching the water cycle |
|
2. Presentation |
Show ideas
through activities or visuals |
Use bottle,
chart, or role-play to show evaporation and rainfall |
|
3. Discussion &
Discovery |
Ask questions, let
students find answers |
Ask: “Why do clothes
dry faster in the sun?” |
|
4. Reflection |
Students talk
or write about what they learned |
Students
explain in their own words or draw a diagram |
|
5. Application |
Use learning in new
situations |
Students make a poster
on saving water at home |
Implications for Indian Classrooms
Focus more on understanding than memorizing.
Use local materials and examples to explain concepts.
Let students observe, ask, and discover instead of only copying from the board.
Encourage questioning, group work, and expression.
Conclusion
In modern education, the role of a teacher is more than just giving information. A teacher must become a facilitator and empower students to think, ask, and understand. Bruner’s model supports this by making learning active, connected, and meaningful. In the Indian context, this kind of teaching helps reach all learners, especially in classrooms with different abilities, languages, and learning levels.
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