Discuss the changing concept of the term “Inclusion” in education PE 7(A) Odisha B.ED

Question: Discuss the changing concept of the term “Inclusion” in education.

Introduction

The concept of "inclusion in education" has undergone a significant transformation over the years, shaped by evolving social values, policy reforms, international declarations, and changing perceptions about learners with diverse needs. From the traditional model of segregation and integration, the idea of inclusive education today emphasizes equity, participation, and respect for diversity in all forms.

The journey of inclusion reflects a paradigm shift from the medical model of disability to the social and human rights model, reinforcing that every learner has the right to quality education in a common learning environment, regardless of their abilities or background.

Meaning of Inclusion in Education

Inclusion in education refers to the educational practice of accommodating all learners, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions, within mainstream classrooms. This includes not only students with disabilities but also those from marginalized communities, girls, linguistic minorities, and children facing economic hardship or social discrimination.

Changing Concepts of Inclusion: A Chronological Overview

1. Traditional (Exclusionary) Phase – Pre-20th Century

Education was elitist and exclusionary, mainly reserved for upper-caste males, rich or able-bodied individuals.

Persons with disabilities or learning differences were completely excluded from formal education.

Disabilities were often seen as a curse or burden, rooted in charity or medical approaches, not as a human rights concern.

No institutional support existed for marginalized learners.

2. Segregation Model – Early to Mid-20th Century

Special schools were created for children with disabilities.

Learners were grouped based on category of disability (blind, deaf, mentally challenged).

Though better than complete exclusion, segregated schools reinforced the belief that children with special needs could not be educated with others

It was based on the medical model of disability – focusing on “fixing the child” rather than adapting the system.

Social stigma and discrimination continued.

3. Integration Model – 1970s to 1990s

Integration meant placing children with disabilities in mainstream schools, often after special training or therapy.

This model emerged with awareness of equal rights and compulsory education policies.

However, students were expected to adapt themselves to the existing school system.

Support was minimal; teachers were not trained adequately to handle diverse learners.

Although a step forward, it lacked the true spirit of inclusion.

4. Inclusion Model – From 1990s Onwards (Contemporary Concept)

The concept of inclusive education began gaining global acceptance post-1990, especially after:

Salamanca Declaration (1994) by UNESCO

UNCRPD (2006) – United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

EFA Goals (2000) – Education for All

Inclusion now emphasizes:

• Respect for diversity
• Participation, equity, and access
• Removing barriers within the school system
• Flexible curriculum and pedagogy
• Collaboration among all stakeholders
• Focus is on systemic change and universal design for learning (UDL) rather than fixing the child.

Contemporary Understanding of Inclusion

• Modern inclusion is no longer limited to children with disabilities. It includes:
• CWSN (Children With Special Needs)
• SC/ST and minority groups
• Linguistic and cultural minorities
• Girls and gender-diverse individuals
• Children affected by HIV/AIDS
• Children in conflict zones or displaced
• Economically disadvantaged learners
• Thus, inclusion today is intersectional, addressing multiple dimensions of marginalization.

Principles of Inclusive Education

• Equity and Access – Equal opportunity for all learners to receive quality education.
• Participation – Ensuring active involvement of all students in learning and co-curricular activities.
• Non-discrimination – Schools should be free of prejudice and bias.
• Flexibility in Teaching and Learning – Differentiated instruction tailored to learner needs.
• Collaboration – Among teachers, parents, special educators, community.
• Respect for Diversity – Valuing different languages, cultures, and abilities.

Major Policy Shifts in India Reflecting Changing Concepts

1. National Policy on Education (NPE), 1986

First time “integration” of children with disabilities mentioned as a goal.

Emphasis on creating equal opportunities in education.

2. Project Integrated Education for the Disabled (PIED)

Pilot program for integrating CWSN into regular schools.

3. Persons with Disabilities Act, 1995

Legal rights for free education to children with disabilities up to age 18.

4. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), 2000

Emphasized inclusive education under Universal Elementary Education.

5. Right to Education Act (RTE), 2009

Guarantees free and compulsory education to all children (6–14 years), including CWSN.

Calls for neighborhood schools, no discrimination, no denial.

6. Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016

Strong emphasis on inclusive education.

Mandates that all schools must be accessible and inclusive.

7. NEP 2020 (National Education Policy)

Focuses on inclusive classrooms, gender equity, universal access.

Calls for inclusive curriculum, teacher training, and assessment reforms.

Barriers to Inclusion

• Despite the positive shift, inclusion faces many challenges:
• Rigid Curriculum
• Lack of teacher training
• Inaccessible infrastructure
• Negative attitudes and stereotypes
• Large class size
• Lack of support services (e.g., therapists, counselors)
• Language barriers
• Poverty and social exclusion

Role of Teachers in Inclusive Education

• Adapt pedagogy to learner needs.
• Use inclusive teaching strategies like peer tutoring, cooperative learning.
• Collaborate with special educators and families.
• Promote a positive classroom culture.
• Engage in continuous professional development.
• Use ICT and assistive technologies for accessibility.

Conclusion

The concept of inclusion in education has evolved from exclusion and segregation to integration and now to full inclusion, aiming for equity, access, and dignity for all learners. It reflects a transformative vision of education – one that embraces diversity as strength, not as a challenge.

For inclusion to become a reality, schools must:

Be welcoming and flexible,

Teachers must be empathetic and trained,

Policies must be implemented with resources and monitoring, and

Communities must value and uphold educational equity.

Inclusive education is not just about placement; it is about belonging, participation, and achievement for every child, in every school.

Define Inclusive Education. Explain its Characteristics and the Need for Inclusive Education PE 7(A) Odisha B. ED

Question: Define Inclusive Education. Explain its Characteristics and the Need for Inclusive Education.

1. Introduction to Inclusive Education

Inclusive education is a philosophy, policy, and practice that ensures all children, regardless of their abilities or backgrounds, learn together in the same classroom and are provided with the support they need to succeed.

It involves not only the physical placement of learners with diverse needs in regular schools, but also the adaptation of the entire school system to become welcoming, flexible, and responsive to diversity.

The concept is rooted in human rights, social justice, and democratic values, recognizing education as a basic right for all.

2. Definition of Inclusive Education

UNESCO (2009):

“Inclusive education is a process of addressing and responding to the diversity of needs of all learners through increasing participation in learning, cultures and communities, and reducing exclusion within and from education.”

National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), India:

“Inclusive education means all children, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions, are enrolled and educated in their neighborhood schools with appropriate support.”

Booth and Ainscow (2002) – Index for Inclusion

"Inclusive education is about the presence, participation, and achievement of all students in schools, particularly those who are vulnerable to exclusion."

National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005), India

"Inclusive education means including all children in the educational system, regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic or other conditions."

Salamanca Statement (UNESCO, 1994)

"Schools should accommodate all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, emotional, social, linguistic or other conditions. Inclusive schools are the most effective means of combating discriminatory attitudes."

Mittler (2000)

"Inclusive education is not just about educating children with disabilities in mainstream schools but about transforming the system to respond to the diversity of all learners."

Topping & Maloney (2005)

"Inclusive education is an approach where students with special educational needs are taught in mainstream classes with their peers, with appropriate support."

Florian and Black-Hawkins (2011)

"Inclusive pedagogy is a way of teaching that respects and values differences and ensures that all learners are engaged in meaningful learning experiences."

Tony Booth (2000)

“Inclusion is about extending the scope of ordinary schools so they can include all children, regardless of differences in ability, background or behavior.”

Ainscow (1991)

"Inclusive education is concerned with identifying and removing barriers to learning."

Simplified Definition (for exam use):

Inclusive education is an approach that ensures all children learn together in a common learning environment, with equal opportunities, appropriate support, and respect for their individual differences.

3. Characteristics of Inclusive Education

1. Learner-Centered Approach

Recognizes each child as unique with different learning needs.

Uses flexible pedagogy, assessments, and classroom practices.

2. Equity and Equal Opportunity

Focuses on removing barriers to learning and participation.

Supports students from disadvantaged and marginalized groups equally.

3. Respect for Diversity

Embraces differences in ability, gender, language, culture, caste, religion, and socio-economic status.

Treats diversity as a strength, not a challenge.

4. Collaborative Learning Environment

Encourages peer learning, group activities, and inclusive participation.

Promotes social interaction and mutual support among students.

5. Flexible Curriculum and Teaching Methods

Curriculum is adapted to meet different learning styles.

Teachers use multi-sensory techniques, TLMs, ICT tools, and activity-based methods.

6. Participation and Belonging

Ensures that all learners feel safe, respected, and valued.

Builds a sense of community where no one is excluded.

7. Support Systems and Services

Provides access to special educators, counselors, therapists, and assistive technologies.

Helps children with disabilities or learning difficulties to thrive in mainstream settings.

8. Non-Discriminatory Practices

Prevents labeling, segregation, and bias.

Promotes gender equality, caste equity, and inclusive values.

9. Parental and Community Involvement

Encourages partnership with families, caregivers, and local communities.

Builds inclusive school culture through collective participation.

4. Need for Inclusive Education

Inclusive education is not just desirable—it is essential for building a just, equitable, and progressive society. The key reasons why inclusion is needed are:

A. Legal and Constitutional Mandates

Article 21A of the Indian Constitution provides the Right to Education.

RTE Act, 2009 mandates free and compulsory education for all children (6–14 years) including Children With Special Needs (CWSN).

RPWD Act, 2016 (Rights of Persons with Disabilities) ensures the right to inclusive education for children with disabilities.

NEP 2020 emphasizes inclusive and equitable education as a national goal.

B. Human Rights Perspective

Education is a basic human right (UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 26).

Inclusion ensures dignity, freedom, participation, and equality.

Exclusion violates children’s right to learn and grow in a nurturing environment.

C. Social Justice and Equity

Addresses historical inequalities faced by SC/STs, minorities, girls, children with disabilities.

Helps in breaking stereotypes and social hierarchies.

Builds a more inclusive and democratic society.

D. Psychological and Emotional Benefits

Children learn self-respect, empathy, and acceptance.

Children with special needs feel valued, not isolated.

Builds confidence and peer bonding for all learners.

E. Improved Learning Outcomes

Inclusive teaching practices benefit all students, not just those with special needs.

Strategies like collaborative learning, differentiated instruction, and continuous assessment improve understanding and performance.

F. Holistic Development

Promotes cognitive, emotional, and social development.

Encourages teamwork, cooperation, and communication skills.

Prepares students for inclusive living and working environments in future.

G. Global Policy Alignment

Aligns with:

UNCRPD (2006) – Inclusive education is a right, not a charity.

SDG 4 (Sustainable Development Goal) – "Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education for all."

H. Teacher Empowerment and Innovation

Encourages capacity building of teachers in inclusive pedagogy.

Promotes creative teaching methods and flexible classroom practices.

I. Cost-Effectiveness in Long Term

Inclusive schools reduce the need for segregated institutions, special schools, and dual infrastructure.

They make better use of shared resources and promote community support.

5. Role of Teachers in Promoting Inclusive Education

• Adapting curriculum and pedagogy.
• Creating inclusive learning environments.
• Collaborating with special educators, therapists, and parents.
• Using TLMs, ICTs, and peer learning to address diverse needs.
• Addressing attitudinal barriers among peers and society.
• Promoting positive behavior and classroom management.

6. Challenges to Inclusive Education

• Despite its benefits, inclusion faces several hurdles:
• Negative attitudes and stigma
• Lack of training among teachers
• Rigid curriculum and assessment
• Poor infrastructure
• Lack of support services
• Large class sizes

7. Recommendations to Strengthen Inclusion

• Pre-service and in-service training for teachers in inclusive pedagogy.
• Development of inclusive curriculum and TLMs.
• Infrastructure upgrades – ramps, toilets, Braille books, audio-visual aids.
• Collaboration between general and special educators.
• Awareness programs to change societal attitudes.
• Stronger policy implementation and monitoring.

8. Conclusion

Inclusive education is the foundation for equality, empowerment, and excellence in the educational system. It not only meets the legal and ethical obligations of ensuring education for all but also promotes mutual respect, understanding, and cohesion in society.

Creating truly inclusive classrooms requires a shift in mindset, teaching practices, policies, and infrastructure. It is not about "fitting" the child into the system, but transforming the system to accommodate and celebrate every child.

Inclusion is not a choice—it is a commitment to justice and human dignity in education.

Addressing Issues in the Implementation of School Development Plan (SDP) PE 6 Odisha B.ED

 Addressing Issues in the Implementation of School Development Plan (SDP)

Introduction

The School Development Plan (SDP) is a statutory and strategic tool designed to promote effective planning and school improvement, as mandated by the Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2009 under Section 22. Though preparation of SDP has been institutionalized in many schools, its implementation often faces several challenges, including poor capacity, inadequate resources, and weak monitoring. Addressing these implementation issues is critical for achieving quality, equity, and inclusion in school education.

1. Capacity Building and Training Gaps

Issue:

Many SMC members and teachers lack the technical skills to execute plans, monitor progress, or use funds appropriately.

Addressing It:

Regular training workshops for SMCs and school heads on fund utilization, procurement, reporting, and monitoring.

Develop simple, local-language handbooks/manuals for SDP implementation.

Use peer-learning and mentorship across schools for better practices.

2. Inadequate Community Participation

Issue:

The community's role often stops at the planning stage; during implementation, they may lose interest or be unaware of their responsibilities.

Addressing It:

Organize monthly SMC meetings with minutes and action tracking.

Create community mobilization drives with parents and local leaders.

Display SDP objectives and progress on school notice boards for transparency.

3. Resource Constraints

Issue:

Schools often lack timely funds or sufficient financial support to implement planned activities (e.g., infrastructure, TLMs, co-curricular programs).

Addressing It:

Ensure timely release of funds under schemes like Samagra Shiksha.

Mobilize local resources through Panchayats, CSR, or Public-Private Partnerships (PPP).

Encourage low-cost, no-cost innovations and community contributions.

4. Lack of Monitoring and Supervision

Issue:

There is often no structured system for tracking whether SDP activities are being carried out as planned.

Addressing It:

CRCCs and BRCCs must conduct quarterly visits and submit reports on progress.

Introduce community-based social audits involving parents and local bodies.

Use simple monitoring formats that align with UDISE+ and school report cards.

5. Poor Data Management

Issue:

Many SDPs are not based on real-time, evidence-based data; this leads to unprioritized or unrealistic targets.

Addressing It:

Train school staff in collecting, analyzing, and using school-level data.

Use school report cards, attendance registers, learning outcomes, and infrastructure reports for data-driven planning.

Digitize SDP through portals and link with UDISE+.

6. Political Interference or Misuse of Funds

Issue:

In some cases, funds may be misused or diverted due to external pressure or lack of financial literacy.

Addressing It:

Enforce strict accountability norms and annual audits.

Involve external observers or civil society in monitoring.

Introduce online financial tracking systems and public disclosure of expenditures.

7. Gender, Inclusion, and Equity Gaps

Issue:

SDPs often overlook the needs of girls, CWSN (Children With Special Needs), and other disadvantaged groups.

Addressing It:

Ensure equity audit during planning and implementation phases.

Include barrier-free infrastructure, gender-sensitive toilets, and inclusive pedagogy in execution.

Collaborate with special educators, NGOs, and health departments.

8. Lack of Convergence with Other Departments

Issue:

SDPs often fail due to a lack of coordination with other departments like Health, PWD, Panchayati Raj, etc.

Addressing It:

Build interdepartmental linkages for infrastructure, health checkups, nutrition, etc.

Use Block and District Education Committees to facilitate convergence.

Invite line department representatives during school-level meetings.

9. Minimal Use of Technology

Issue:

Technology tools for tracking, reporting, and feedback are underused.

Addressing It:

Use mobile apps or Google Forms for feedback collection from stakeholders.

Encourage digital dashboards for tracking SDP progress.

Provide basic ICT training to teachers and headmasters.

Conclusion

Effective implementation of the School Development Plan (SDP) is essential for systematic school improvement, yet it is often hindered by various operational, financial, and social challenges. Addressing these issues requires a multi-pronged approach—strengthening capacity, ensuring participation, improving monitoring, mobilizing resources, and enabling convergence. When implemented well, the SDP becomes not just a plan but a living document that transforms the school into an inclusive, effective, and engaging learning space for all.

Nature of Physical Science: Nature and Scope of Science and Physical Science in Particular, Importance of Physical Science in Daily Life CPS 3 Odisha B.Ed.

Nature of Physical Science:
Nature and Scope of Science and Physical Science in Particular, Importance of Physical Science in Daily Life

1. Introduction

Science is a systematic body of knowledge that helps us understand the natural world through observation, experimentation, and reasoning. Among its many branches, Physical Science deals with non-living systems and includes areas such as Physics, Chemistry, and Astronomy. Understanding the nature and scope of Physical Science, along with its practical importance in everyday life, is essential for scientific literacy and education.

2. Nature of Science

Science, by its very nature, is both empirical and theoretical. It is grounded in observations, experiments, and evidence, but also involves the creation of models, theories, and laws to explain and predict phenomena. The nature of science includes characteristics such as:

Objectivity – Based on facts, not opinions.

Verifiability – Results can be tested and verified.

Predictability – Helps predict future events or reactions.

Tentativeness – Scientific knowledge is not absolute; it can be revised.

Ethical neutrality – Science is neither good nor bad; it depends on how it is used.

Universality – Scientific principles apply everywhere under similar conditions.

3. Nature of Physical Science

Physical Science is a branch of natural science that focuses on the study of non-living matter and the laws governing its behavior. It includes:

Physics – Study of matter, energy, motion, and forces.

Chemistry – Study of substances, their properties, reactions, and changes.

Astronomy – Study of celestial objects and the universe.

The nature of Physical Science is:

Quantitative and precise – Relies on measurable data and mathematical expressions.

Experimental – Uses controlled experiments to test hypotheses.

Logical and systematic – Follows a structured approach to understanding phenomena.

Cumulative – Builds upon past discoveries and research.

Universal and reliable – Laws of Physical Science apply universally.

4. Scope of Physical Science

The scope of Physical Science is vast and ever-expanding. It plays a foundational role in understanding the physical world and developing technology. Its scope includes:

Fundamental research – Uncovering laws of nature (e.g., Newton’s laws, laws of thermodynamics).

Applied science – Using scientific knowledge for technological advancement (e.g., electricity, materials science).

Interdisciplinary connections – Links with life sciences, earth sciences, environmental sciences, etc.

Modern innovations – Driving force behind inventions like lasers, semiconductors, synthetic materials, and nuclear energy.

Physical Science forms the basis of various professions, from engineering and medicine to meteorology and space exploration.

5. Importance of Physical Science in Daily Life

Physical Science deeply impacts our daily lives. From the moment we wake up until we go to bed, we are surrounded by its applications.

a. Domestic Life

Electricity, appliances, cooking gas, and water purification all depend on principles of Physical Science.

Understanding of heat, light, sound, magnetism, and chemical reactions helps in using household devices safely and effectively.

b. Transportation and Communication

Movement of vehicles depends on the laws of motion, friction, and combustion.

Mobile phones, internet, and broadcasting rely on waves, electromagnetism, and electronic circuits.

c. Health and Medicine

Diagnostic tools like X-rays, MRI, and blood tests use physics and chemistry.

Medicines are developed through chemical reactions and molecular science.

d. Environment and Energy

Awareness of global warming, pollution, and renewable energy sources like solar and wind relies on concepts from Physical Science.

e. Industrial and Agricultural Applications

Fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation systems are based on chemical principles.\

Machines and manufacturing processes depend on principles of mechanics and thermodynamics.

6. Educational Value of Physical Science

• Teaching Physical Science in schools cultivates:
• Scientific attitude and temperament
• Curiosity and creativity
• Problem-solving and decision-making abilities
• Awareness of environmental and technological issues
• Preparation for STEM careers
• Physical Science enhances logical thinking and helps students develop rational and evidence-based understanding of the world around them.

Conclusion

The nature and scope of Physical Science reveal its universal relevance and necessity. It is not only a cornerstone of scientific understanding but also a powerful tool that shapes our daily lives, technology, and future. Therefore, effective teaching and learning of Physical Science is crucial for both personal development and societal progress.

 

Day-to-Day Science Questions (Daily Uses of Science) for all competitive exam SSC, OSSC, OSSSC, BANKING

 Day-to-Day Science Questions (Daily Uses of Science)

1. What gas do we inhale from the atmosphere for respiration?

A) Nitrogen

B) Carbon dioxide

C) Oxygen

D) Hydrogen

Answer: C) Oxygen

2. Which device helps us to cook food faster using steam pressure?

A) Oven

B) Microwave

C) Pressure Cooker

D) Toaster

Answer: C) Pressure Cooker

3. Which vitamin is synthesized in our skin with the help of sunlight?

A) Vitamin A

B) Vitamin B12

C) Vitamin D

D) Vitamin C

Answer: C) Vitamin D

4. Which part of the refrigerator is responsible for cooling?

A) Heater

B) Compressor

C) Motor

D) Lamp

Answer: B) Compressor

5. What type of energy is used in a ceiling fan?

A) Solar energy

B) Sound energy

C) Electrical energy

D) Chemical energy

Answer: C) Electrical energy

6. Which gas is filled in LPG cylinders used at home?

A) Methane

B) Butane

C) Propane

D) Both B and C

Answer: D) Both B and C

7. Which simple machine is used in scissors?

A) Pulley

B) Wedge

C) Lever

D) Wheel

Answer: C) Lever

8. What is the use of detergent in washing clothes?

A) Adds color

B) Reduces friction

C) Removes dirt and oil

D) Increases weight

Answer: C) Removes dirt and oil

9. Which component in toothpaste helps prevent tooth decay?

A) Calcium

B) Iron

C) Fluoride

D) Sodium

Answer: C) Fluoride

10. What kind of lens is used in spectacles for correcting short-sightedness?

A) Convex

B) Concave

C) Cylindrical

D) Plane

Answer: B) Concave

More Practical Science Questions

11. Which type of energy is stored in a battery?

Answer: Chemical energy

12. Why is salt used in preserving pickles?

Answer: It prevents bacterial growth by absorbing moisture.

13. What is the purpose of using a fuse in electrical circuits?

Answer: To prevent damage due to excess current.

14. Why do we feel cool after sweating?

Answer: Because evaporation absorbs heat from the body.

15. Which gas makes soda water fizzy?

Answer: Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

16. Which metal is commonly used in kitchen foils?

Answer: Aluminium

17. Why are solar panels usually black or dark in color?

Answer: To absorb more sunlight and convert it into energy.

18. What is the main function of a water purifier?

Answer: To remove impurities and germs from water.

19. Why is hand sanitizer effective against viruses?

Answer: Because it contains alcohol that kills germs.

20. What do we use to measure body temperature?

Answer: Thermometer

21. What is the white substance in toothpaste that cleans teeth?

Answer: Calcium carbonate

22. Which home appliance converts electrical energy into sound?

Answer: Speaker

23. Why is food stored in the refrigerator?

Answer: To slow down the growth of bacteria and keep it fresh longer.

24. What gas is produced when we exhale?

Answer: Carbon dioxide

25. Which science principle helps airplanes to fly?

Answer: Bernoulli's Principle (in Aerodynamics)

Day-to-Day Science Questions – Set 2

1. Which part of the mobile phone allows us to see images and videos?

A) Battery

B) Screen

C) Antenna

D) Charger

Answer: B) Screen

2. Why do ice cubes melt faster when placed under sunlight?

A) Due to reflection

B) Due to absorption of heat

C) Due to evaporation

D) Due to radiation

Answer: B) Due to absorption of heat

3. Which substance is used in antiseptic creams to prevent infection?

A) Sodium

B) Zinc oxide

C) Mercury

D) Iodine

Answer: D) Iodine

4. Which home appliance uses microwave radiation to cook food?

Answer: Microwave oven

5. Why do electric bulbs get hot after use?

Answer: Because part of electrical energy is converted into heat.

6. What is the reason for rusting of iron?

Answer: Reaction with oxygen and moisture (air + water)

7. What kind of mirror is used in vehicles to see a wider view?

Answer: Convex mirror

8. Why do doctors use stethoscopes?

Answer: To listen to heartbeat and breathing sounds

9. What kind of energy is used in solar calculators?

Answer: Solar energy (light energy converted to electrical energy)

10. Why are metals used in making cooking utensils?

Answer: Because they are good conductors of heat

11. Which substance causes the bubbles in soap water?

Answer: Air or gas trapped in soap film

12. Why is the sky blue in color?

Answer: Due to scattering of sunlight by air molecules

13. Which device is used to measure blood pressure?

Answer: Sphygmomanometer

14. Why do we wear cotton clothes in summer?

Answer: Cotton absorbs sweat and allows air circulation

15. Why do onions make us cry?

Answer: They release a gas (sulfur compound) that irritates the eyes

16. Which part of the computer is called the "brain"?

Answer: CPU (Central Processing Unit)

17. Why do we see lightning before we hear thunder?

Answer: Because light travels faster than sound

18. What is used to check eyesight in clinics?

Answer: Snellen Chart

19. Why do we apply deodorant or perfume?

Answer: To mask or reduce body odor caused by bacteria

20. What process helps plants make food from sunlight?

Answer: Photosynthesis

21. Which gas helps in the combustion of fuels?

Answer: Oxygen

22. What makes a magnet attract iron nails?

Answer: Magnetic force

23. Which device converts sound into electrical signals in telephones?

Answer: Microphone

24. Why do we boil water before drinking in some areas?

Answer: To kill bacteria and make it safe

25. Which household item helps us measure weight?

Answer: Weighing machine

Day-to-Day Science – Set 3 (25 Questions)

1. Which chemical is used in mosquito repellents like coils or liquids?

A) Acetone

B) DEET

C) Chlorine

D) Alcohol

Answer: B) DEET

2. Which scientific principle is used in pressure cookers?

Answer: Increase in pressure raises the boiling point of water

3. Why does butter melt on a hot pan?

Answer: Due to heat transfer (melting due to temperature rise)

4. What is the use of baking soda in the kitchen?

Answer: It helps dough rise by releasing carbon dioxide

5. Why are copper wires used in electric wiring?

Answer: Copper is a good conductor of electricity

6. Which type of lens is used in magnifying glasses?

Answer: Convex lens

7. Why do we feel colder when wet on a windy day?

Answer: Evaporation of water absorbs body heat

8. Which substance is used in fire extinguishers to stop fire?

Answer: Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

9. Which device helps regulate temperature in air conditioners?

Answer: Thermostat

10. Why do milk and dairy products spoil quickly in summer?

Answer: Because bacteria multiply faster in warm conditions

11. What causes sound in speakers?

Answer: Vibration of a diaphragm inside the speaker

12. Which vitamin is mainly found in citrus fruits?

Answer: Vitamin C

13. What is the white solid used in chalks?

Answer: Calcium carbonate

14. Why do we add chlorine to drinking water?

Answer: To kill harmful microorganisms

15. What kind of force helps to keep clothes stuck in a spinning washing machine?

Answer: Centripetal force

16. What makes glass transparent?

Answer: Its molecules allow light to pass without scattering

17. Which fuel is used in vehicles like scooters and bikes?

Answer: Petrol (Gasoline)

18. What is the main ingredient in soaps and shampoos for cleaning?

Answer: Surfactants

19. Which machine converts kinetic energy into electricity in dams?

Answer: Turbine

20. Which vitamin is essential for healthy eyes?

Answer: Vitamin A

21. Why is food packed in vacuum-sealed containers?

Answer: To prevent growth of bacteria by removing oxygen

22. What causes fog on bathroom mirrors after a hot shower?

Answer: Condensation of water vapor

23. Why is iron coated with paint?

Answer: To prevent rusting (oxidation)

24. Which scientific tool is used to measure humidity?

Answer: Hygrometer

25. Why do mirrors reflect our image?

Answer: Due to the smooth polished surface that reflects light

Day-to-Day Science – Set 4 (25 Questions)

1. Which part of a plant is used for making sugar in the sugar industry?

A) Roots

B) Stem

C) Leaves

D) Flowers

Answer: B) Stem (Sugarcane stem)

2. Why do metal utensils make noise when hit?

Answer: Metals are good conductors of sound and vibrate easily

3. What helps clothes dry faster on a sunny day?

Answer: Increased evaporation due to sunlight and heat

4. Why does cutting an onion release a pungent smell?

Answer: It releases sulfur-containing compounds

5. What type of change is boiling water?

Answer: Physical change

6. Why does a balloon burst when pricked?

Answer: Air pressure inside pushes out suddenly

7. Which part of the body detects smell?

Answer: Nose (Olfactory receptors)

8. What is the scientific reason behind wearing wool in winter?

Answer: Wool traps air and acts as an insulator to retain heat

9. Which device is used to store food for a long time at low temperatures?

Answer: Refrigerator

10. What gas is given off by plants during photosynthesis?

Answer: Oxygen

11. What makes chili taste spicy?

Answer: Capsaicin compound

12. Which part of the eye helps us see in dim light?

Answer: Rod cells

13. Why does rubbing hands produce heat?

Answer: Due to friction

14. What helps convert milk into curd?

Answer: Lactic acid bacteria

15. Why is turmeric used as an antiseptic?

Answer: It contains curcumin, which has antibacterial properties

16. What happens when salt is added to ice?

Answer: It lowers the melting point of ice

17. What instrument is used to see tiny organisms?

Answer: Microscope

18. Why do we hear an echo in a large empty hall?

Answer: Due to reflection of sound waves

19. What form of energy is stored in food?

Answer: Chemical energy

20. Which gas is essential for burning?

Answer: Oxygen

21. What is the use of a thermometer?

Answer: To measure temperature

22. Why is plastic not used for cooking utensils?

Answer: It melts easily and is a poor heat conductor

23. What makes a magnet stick to a fridge?

Answer: Magnetic force between the magnet and iron in the fridge

24. Which gas is filled in balloons to make them float?

Answer: Helium

25. What is formed when vinegar is added to baking soda?

Answer: Carbon dioxide gas (causes fizzing reaction)

Day-to-Day Science – Set 5 (25 Questions)

1. Why do electric iron boxes have a temperature control knob?

Answer: To regulate heat according to fabric type

2. Which natural fibre is used to make jute bags?

Answer: Jute

3. Which process separates tea leaves from tea after brewing?

Answer: Filtration

4. Why is petrol highly flammable?

Answer: It has a low ignition point and produces vapours easily

5. What causes the red color of ripe tomatoes?

Answer: Lycopene pigment

6. Which organ in our body acts as a natural filter for blood?

Answer: Kidneys

7. Why is sunlight important for clothes drying?

Answer: Sunlight provides heat for faster evaporation of water

8. Which gas in soft drinks causes fizz?

Answer: Carbon dioxide

9. Why does an iron gate get hot in the sun?

Answer: Iron is a good conductor of heat

10. What type of change is burning of paper?

Answer: Chemical change

11. What helps the bicycle to move smoothly?

Answer: Ball bearings reduce friction

12. Which liquid is used in car batteries?

Answer: Sulphuric acid

13. Why do athletes drink glucose water?

Answer: It gives instant energy

14. What is the purpose of a pressure cooker whistle?

Answer: To release excess steam and maintain safe pressure

15. What is the main ingredient in table salt?

Answer: Sodium chloride (NaCl)

16. Why does butter solidify in a refrigerator?

Answer: Low temperature freezes fat molecules

17. Which household appliance uses centrifugal force?

Answer: Washing machine (during spin cycle)

18. Which mineral is important for strong bones?

Answer: Calcium

19. Why is handwashing with soap effective?

Answer: Soap breaks down oils and removes germs

20. What is used to measure length accurately at home?

Answer: Measuring tape or scale

21. Why is a black umbrella better in summer?

Answer: Actually, it absorbs heat but blocks sunlight effectively

22. What causes milk to turn sour?

Answer: Lactic acid produced by bacteria

23. What is the main component of air that we breathe?

Answer: Nitrogen (about 78%)

24. Why are pressure cookers more efficient than open pots?

Answer: They cook food faster by increasing boiling point under pressure

25. Which device helps to watch distant objects clearly?

Answer: Telescope

Education Process: Bi-polar, Tri-polar, Multi-polar; Life-long Process PE 1 For Odisha B.Ed & Education Honours

 Education Process: Bi-polar, Tri-polar, Multi-polar; Life-long Process

Introduction

Education is not limited to schools or books. It is a continuous process that begins at birth and continues throughout life.

It is also a social process, involving different people and agencies. The process of education has evolved from bi-polar (two-person) to multi-polar (many influences).

Bi-polar Process of Education

Meaning:

The Bi-polar process includes two main elements:

Teacher (Educator)

Student (Learner)

Here, education is seen as a direct interaction between teacher and student.

Explanation:

The teacher gives knowledge.

The student receives it.

Focus is on the transfer of knowledge.

Limitations:

The student is seen as passive.

It ignores the role of society and environment.

Example (Indian context):

In traditional Indian Gurukuls, Guru and Shishya relationship was bi-polar. The teacher was the center of all learning.

Tri-polar Process of Education

Meaning:

The Tri-polar process includes:

Teacher

Student

Society (Social Environment)

This theory was given by John Dewey – a famous American educationist.

Explanation:

The teacher guides.

The student learns actively.

The society provides values, customs, experiences that influence learning.

Education is not preparation for life; it is life itself – John Dewey

Importance:

Learner becomes active and responsible.

Society plays an important role in shaping attitudes and values.

Example (Indian context):

Indian classrooms today include lessons on social issues, environment, health, gender equality – showing the role of society in education.

Multi-polar Process of Education

Meaning:

Modern education is a multi-polar process. It involves many agencies and influences such as:

Poles/Agencies	Role in Education
Teacher	Formal teaching
Student	Active participant
Society	Provides real-life learning
Parents	First educators, guide moral values
Media (TV, Internet)	Spreads knowledge quickly
Peers and Friends	Help social learning
Government & Policy	Frame syllabus, laws (RTE, NEP)

Explanation:

A child learns not just in school, but also from home, community, internet, social media, and surroundings.

The learner becomes a self-directed explorer.

Example (Indian context):

NEP 2020 promotes flexible and multi-source learning: Digital learning, community participation, and local knowledge.

Education as a Life-Long Process

Meaning:

Learning is not limited to a particular age, place, or institution.

It continues from birth to death and happens in different ways.

Types of Education in Life-long Learning:

Type                                                               Description

Formal Education                                 In schools and colleges

Informal Education                  Learning from family, society, TV, books

Non-formal Education                Adult education, skill training, open schools

Importance:

Helps people upgrade skills at any age

Supports personal and professional growth

Builds a learning society

Indian Examples:

Adult Education Mission in rural India

Skill India Program

SWAYAM, DIKSHA, and MOOCs for online learning

6. Comparison Table – Bipolar, Tripolar, and Multipolar

Aspect	Bi-polar	Tri-polar	Multi-polar
Focus	Teacher & Student	Teacher, Student, Society	All possible influences on learner
Learner Role	Passive	Active	Fully active, independent
Society Role	Ignored	Important	Central and diverse
Indian Example	Traditional Gurukul	Social value education in schools	NEP 2020, Online platforms, Peer learning

7. Conclusion

Education is a dynamic, evolving process.

It started as a simple teacher-student interaction, then included society, and now has become a multi-polar and life-long process with many influences.

In today’s world, a student learns from teachers, society, parents, technology, and real-life experiences.

A teacher must be ready to guide learners in this multi-dimensional journey.

 “Today’s education must prepare students not just for exams, but for life.”